Understanding Skin Cancer: Types, Causes, and Risk Factors

Bob Berendsen • August 2, 2023

Understanding Skin Cancer: Types, Causes, and Risk Factors

The warm embrace of the sun holds a hidden danger called skin cancer. This pervasive disease affects millions in the United States, with over 5.4 million cases diagnosed annually. As the numbers continue to rise, it's crucial to shed light on this menacing threat. Fortunately, with early detection and the right treatment, you can safeguard the well-being of your or a loved one’s skin.

Read more to learn about the different types of skin cancer, their causes, and the risk factors involved.

What Is Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells. It develops when skin cells undergo genetic mutations that cause them to multiply rapidly and form tumors or lesions on the skin. The leading cause of skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds.

Types of Skin Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It typically develops in skin areas frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and hands. BCC usually appears as a flesh-colored or pinkish bump on the skin that may have a pearly or waxy texture. It can also manifest as a flat, pinkish patch or a brown, black, or blue lesion. BCC grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. However, if left untreated, it can cause local damage and disfigurement.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer. It often develops on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and back of the hands. SCC typically appears as a red, scaly patch or a firm, raised nodule. The skin may become crusted or ulcerated, and it may bleed easily. Unlike BCC, SCC has a higher risk of spreading to other body areas, including lymph nodes and internal organs. Early detection and treatment are crucial to preventing its spread and complications.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a less common but more severe type of skin cancer. It originates in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes, which give color to the skin. Melanoma can develop anywhere on the body, including areas not exposed to the sun. It often appears as a new or changing mole. Critical signs of melanoma include asymmetry (one half of the mole is different from the other), irregular borders, varied colors, a diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving features (changes in size, shape, or color over time). Melanoma can metastasize or spread to other body parts, making early detection and treatment critical for improved outcomes.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare but aggressive type of skin cancer that typically appears as firm, painless nodules or lesions on the face, head, or neck. Merkel cell carcinoma can spread quickly to lymph nodes and other body parts.

Cutaneous Lymphoma

Cutaneous lymphoma is a group of cancers affecting lymphocytes, a white blood cell type. These cancers can appear as red, scaly patches or raised bumps on the skin and may mimic other skin conditions. Cutaneous lymphomas often have different subtypes and require specialized diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of Skin Cancer

The most prevalent indication to be mindful of when it comes to skin cancer is unusual changes in the skin. These changes can include new growths, sores that do not heal, or alterations in existing moles. It's important to note that skin cancers can vary in appearance.

For melanoma specifically, it can be helpful to remember the ABCDEs of melanoma as a guide for identifying potential warning signs:

A for Asymmetrical: Does the mole or spot have an irregular shape where one half looks different?
B for Border: Is the border of the mole or spot irregular, jagged, or poorly defined?
C for Color: Does the mole or spot have uneven coloring, with shades of brown, black, white, red, or blue?
D for Diameter: Is the mole or spot more significant in size than a pea (approximately 6mm or more in diameter)?
E for Evolving: Has the mole or spot changed in appearance, size, shape, or color during the past few weeks or months?

Risk Factors of Skin Cancer

Several risk factors can increase a person's likelihood of developing skin cancer. It's important to note that having one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean an individual will develop the disease, but understanding these factors can help take preventive measures and promote early detection. Here are some common risk factors associated with skin cancer:

Exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Skin tone
History of Sunburns
Family History
Moles and Precancerous Skin Lesions
Weakened Immune System
Exposure to Environmental Factors
Personal History of Skin Cancer

Screening Tests for Skin Cancer

Screening tests can play a crucial role in early skin cancer detection. They are essential for high-risk individuals due to family history, previous skin cancer diagnosis, or excessive sun exposure. Here are the standard screening tests used for skin cancer:

Skin Self-Examination (SSE)

Skin self-examination involves regularly checking your skin for any changes or abnormalities. It is a simple and effective method to detect early signs of skin cancer. During an SSE, carefully examine your entire body, including areas not commonly exposed to the sun. Look for new moles, changes in existing moles, or any suspicious growths or lesions. If you notice any concerning changes, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation.

Clinical Skin Examination

A clinical skin examination involves a healthcare professional, typically a dermatologist, thoroughly examining your skin for signs of skin cancer. They will visually inspect your skin, including areas that are difficult for self-examination. This examination allows for a more comprehensive assessment and identifies any suspicious lesions that may require further investigation or biopsy.

Biopsy

A skin biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that involves removing a small sample of suspicious skin tissue for laboratory analysis. It is the definitive method to determine if a skin lesion is cancerous or non-cancerous. Depending on the size and characteristics of the lesion, there are different types of skin biopsies, including shave biopsy, punch biopsy, and excisional biopsy. The biopsy results provide essential information for an accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Treatment Methods for Skin Cancer

Treatment choice depends on various factors, including the type, size, and location of the skin cancer and the individual's overall health and preferences. It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional or dermatologist to determine the most suitable treatment approach for your specific situation.

Topical Medications

Topical medications may be used for certain superficial forms of skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma or actinic keratosis. These medications are applied directly to the affected area and work by destroying cancerous or precancerous cells. Common topical treatments include creams or gels containing imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or ingenol mebutate.

Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves using a photosensitizing agent on the skin and then exposing it to a specific wavelength of light. Cancer cells take in a special substance that becomes activated by light. When the light turns on, it creates powerful molecules that harm and kill the cancer cells. Oncologists often prefer PDT to treat superficial skin cancers and specific precancerous conditions.

Mohs Surgery

Mohs surgery is a specialized surgical technique for treating skin cancer, mainly basal and squamous cell carcinoma. It involves removing thin layers of skin tissue one at a time and examining each layer under a microscope to check for the presence of cancer cells. This process is repeated until no cancer cells are detected, ensuring the maximum amount of healthy tissue is preserved.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. It may be used as the primary treatment for skin cancer in cases where surgery is not feasible or as adjuvant therapy following surgery to target any remaining cancer cells. Radiation therapy is often recommended for more advanced or aggressive skin cancers.

Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery, or cryotherapy, involves freezing the cancerous tissue using liquid nitrogen or other freezing agents. The extreme cold destroys the abnormal cells, and the area eventually heals as new, healthy skin forms. Cryosurgery is commonly used for treating certain precancerous conditions or small, low-risk skin cancers.

Laser Surgery

Laser surgery utilizes a focused beam of high-intensity light to remove or destroy cancerous cells. It is often used for superficial skin cancers or precancerous lesions on the skin's surface. Laser surgery is a precise technique that can selectively target cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Excisional Surgery

Excisional surgery involves surgically removing the entire cancerous lesion and a surrounding margin of healthy skin. This method is commonly used for various types of skin cancer, including melanoma. The excised tissue is sent to a laboratory for pathological examination to ensure complete cancer removal.

Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery uses an electric current to cut or destroy cancerous tissue. It is often used with other surgical techniques or to control bleeding during surgery. Medical professionals can utilize electrosurgery to treat minor skin cancers or eliminate any remaining cancer cells following alternative treatment approaches.

Ready to take charge of your skin's health and protect yourself from the dangers of skin cancer? Visit Pine Belt Dermatology, your trusted partner in skin care. Our experienced team of dermatologists is dedicated to providing comprehensive screenings, personalized treatment plans, and expert guidance. Contact us today and embark on a journey toward a lifetime of healthy skin.

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Over-the-Counter vs. Prescription Skin Treatments: When to Upgrade

July 31, 2026

At Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center , we understand that selecting the right skincare products can be challenging. While many over-the-counter (OTC) options promise results, not all skin concerns can be addressed with these products. Knowing the difference between OTC and prescription treatments helps you make educated decisions and recognize when to seek professional care. If you are treating acne, eczema, rosacea, or signs of aging, upgrading your treatment plan at the right time can improve your skin health and confidence. Understanding Over-the-Counter Skin Treatments Over-the-counter skincare products are available without a prescription and are intended for mild to moderate skin concerns. When used consistently, many contain ingredients that help maintain healthy skin. Common OTC ingredients include: Salicylic acid for acne Benzoyl peroxide to reduce acne-causing bacteria Retinol for fine lines and uneven texture Hydrocortisone cream for minor itching and irritation Moisturizers with ceramides or hyaluronic acid to heal the skin barrier These products are a good starting point for mild conditions. However, because OTC treatments use lower-strength active ingredients, they may not be effective for chronic or serious skin issues. When Prescription Skin Treatments May Be Necessary Prescription treatments use stronger active ingredients and are customized to your specific skin condition. A dermatologist can diagnose the underlying cause and recommend medications that address the problem more effectively than OTC products. Prescription treatments may include: Oral medications for moderate to severe acne Prescription-strength retinoids Medications to manage eczema or psoriasis Treatments for rosacea and chronic redne Prescription creams for hyperpigmentation or melasma Antifungal or antibacterial medications for skin infections These therapies are chosen based on your medical history, skin type, and treatment goals to maximize results and minimize side effects. Time to Upgrade Your Treatment While many start with OTC products, some situations require a dermatology appointment. Consider seeing a dermatologist if: Your skin condition has not improved after several weeks of steady OTC treatment. Acne is causing painful cysts, nodules, or permanent scarring. Rashes, redness, or irritation continue to worsen. You experience frequent flare-ups of eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea. You notice new or changing skin growths or unusual spots. Your skin concern is affecting your confidence or quality of life. Early treatment has the potential to prevent conditions from getting worse and minimize the chances of long-term skin damage. Why Professional Assessment Matters Many skin conditions look similar, making self-diagnosis challenging. For example, stubborn acne may be rosacea, and chronic dry patches could indicate eczema, psoriasis, or another condition. A board-certified dermatologist can accurately diagnose your skin concern and develop a customized treatment plan. Professional guidance also helps you avoid spending time and money on ineffective products. Healthy Skin Starts with the Right Treatment Over-the-counter products are important for daily skincare, but they may not treat complex or persistent concerns. Transitioning to prescription treatment at the right time can greatly improve your skin’s appearance and long-term health. At Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center , our team offers complete evaluations and customized treatment plans for acne, eczema, rosacea, hyperpigmentation, skin cancer screenings, and other skin conditions. If your current skincare routine is not resulting in success, we are here to help you achieve healthier, more confident skin.

UV Safety Awareness Month, World Skin Health Day, and Understanding Hyperpigmentation & Melasma

June 29, 2026

At Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center, we believe education is key to protecting and maintaining healthy skin. July is significant for skin health, featuring both UV Safety Awareness Month and World Skin Health Day on July 8 . These occasions highlight the importance of sun protection and raise awareness of common concerns, such as hyperpigmentation and melasma . Understanding how ultraviolet (UV) exposure affects your skin helps prevent long-term damage and supports a healthier, more even complexion. Why UV Protection Matters The sun emits ultraviolet rays that can damage skin even on cloudy days. While many associate UV exposure with sunburn, its effects are broader. Repeated UV exposure accelerates skin aging, increases skin cancer risk, and contributes to pigmentation disorders. Common effects of excessive UV exposure include: • Sunburn and skin irritation • Premature aging, including fine lines and wrinkles • Dark spots and uneven skin tone • Increased risk of skin cancer • Worsening of hyperpigmentation and melasma Daily sun protection is one of the most effective ways to maintain healthy skin and reduce preventable damage. What Is Hyperpigmentation? Hyperpigmentation is a common condition where areas of skin become darker than the surrounding tissue due to excess melanin production. Multiple factors can contribute to hyperpigmentation, including: • Sun exposure • Acne scars and inflammation • Hormonal changes • Skin injuries or irritation • Certain medications While hyperpigmentation is mostly harmless, many seek treatment to improve skin tone as well as restore confidence. Understanding Melasma Melasma is a type of hyperpigmentation that shows up as brown or gray-brown patches, typically on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. Melasma is frequently associated with: • Hormone changes during pregnancy • Birth control medications • Hormone replacement therapy • Genetic predisposition • Sun exposure Although melasma is not dangerous, it can be difficult to treat because UV exposure frequently triggers or worsens it. Even minimal sun exposure can increase pigment production and make discoloration more noticeable. Protecting Your Skin from UV Damage Whether you are concerned about skin cancer, hyperpigmentation, or melasma, daily sun protection is essential. Dermatologists suggest: • Using sun lotion with SPF 30 or higher every day • Reapplying sunscreen every two hours when outdoors • Wearing wide-brimmed hats and protective clothing • Seeking shade during peak sunlight hours • Wearing UV-protective sunglasses • Avoiding tanning beds Consistent sun protection helps prevent new pigmentation issues. World Skin Health Day: A Reminder to Prioritize Skin Care Observed annually on July 8, World Skin Health Day encourages preventive steps to maintain healthy skin. This is a reminder to perform regular self-exams, schedule dermatology visits, and address concerns early. If you notice persistent dark spots, changes in pigmentation, or new skin lesions, seek an expert assessment to determine the cause and identify treatment options. Supporting Healthy Skin Year-Round UV Safety Awareness Month and World Skin Health Day remind us that protecting your skin is an investment in long-term health. Practicing sun safety and understanding conditions like hyperpigmentation and melasma help preserve your skin’s health, appearance, and function. At Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center, our team provides personalized evaluations and treatments for pigmentation concerns, sun-damaged skin, and overall skin health. Plan a visit and learn how we can help you achieve healthier, more confident skin.

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When a ‘Rash’ Might Be Something More Serious

April 13, 2026

When a ‘Rash’ Might Be Something More Serious At Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center, we recognize that rashes are common and frequently resolve quickly with minimal treatment. However, some rashes may signify underlying conditions that require prompt medical attention. Identifying when a rash is more than a minor irritation is key to protecting your health. Comprehending Common vs. Concerning Rashes Most everyday rashes result from irritants, allergies, heat, or minor infections and typically improve within a few days with over-the-counter treatments. However, if a rash lasts longer, worsens, or appears with other symptoms, it may signal a more serious issue. Identifying the difference between a routine rash and one that requires medical evaluation helps avoid complications and ensure appropriate care. Warning Signs to Watch For Certain features may indicate a rash requires clinical assessment, including: Rapidly spreading or worsening rash Severe pain, swelling, or blistering Signs of infection such as pus, warmth, or red streaks Fever or flu-like symptoms accompanying the rash A rash that does not improve after several days of treatment Dark, purple, or bruised-looking areas on the skin For example, a rash with fever may indicate a viral or bacterial infection, whereas painful blistering can suggest conditions such as shingles. In rare cases, rashes may signal autoimmune disorders or severe allergic reactions. Rashes That May Point to Underlying Conditions Some rashes may be linked to broader health concerns, including conditions that cause inflammation in the skin and other organs: Allergic reactions that may escalate into further severe responses Infections that spread beyond the skin if untreated Medication reactions that require immediate adjustment Persistent or unusual skin changes may be early signs of skin cancer or precancerous conditions, especially if they do not heal or continue to change over time. Why Early Evaluation Matters Delaying care for a worrisome rash may allow the underlying condition to progress. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes and helps prevent discomfort and complications. A dermatology specialist can assess the rash’s appearance, location, and progression, and may recommend diagnostic tests if needed. This approach assures treatment addresses the underlying cause, not just the visible symptoms. When to See a Dermatology Specialist If you are unsure about your rash, it is best to err on the side of caution. Consider seeking care if: The rash is persistent, painful, or unusual in appearance Over-the-counter treatments are not effective You experience additional symptoms such as fever or fatigue The rash interferes with your daily comfort or quality of life At Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center, our experienced providers supply comprehensive skin evaluations and customized treatment plans. We take time to understand your symptoms and deliver clear, effective solutions tailored to your needs. Protecting Your Skin and Your Health While many rashes are minor, some may be early warning signs of more serious health concerns. Monitoring skin changes and pursuing prompt medical advice can produce a notable effect. If you notice a rash that does not seem right, do not ignore it. Schedule a consultation with Pine Belt Dermatology & Skin Cancer Center for expert evaluation and peace of mind. Your skin is an important indicator of your overall health, and taking it seriously supports ongoing well-being.

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